Why Buddhism Appeal to Me :: essays research papers

One of the reasons why I took the course of for religion this semester is to perhaps come closer with my God again. After growing up in an Episcopalian household, it seemed that Christianity was the only accepted religion. I was very much encouraged by my parents, family, and society to say my prayers, attend Sunday school and church services, and be involved in the youth groups within my church. Religion, in some way, became a tedious event for me, and I slowly lost interest in church and Christianity as a whole. As I got older and began making my own decisions, it seemed religion’s importance in my life waxed and waned, and I never completely gained my excitement back--in all honesty, I was bored and I needed something new to try. With the intentions of learning something new (not to convert,) it was then that I began to research Buddhism and its practices.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Although I had read about many other religions from Taoism to Mormonism, it was Buddhism and its core ideals and beliefs that appealed to me most intensely. Buddhism (which has many roots of Hinduism) began more than 2,500 years ago by an Indian Prince named Siddhartha Gautama. Siddhartha became dissatisfied with the beliefs of the Hindu religion and sought to find the peace of mind he wanted; Siddhartha left his home and went to search of inner peace. Through much meditation under a Bo tree, he became Buddha, or â€Å"The Enlightened One,† and could then enter nirvana, the Buddhist place for eternal bliss. Buddha didn’t believe in the idea of a soul, but he did believe that there was something eternal in people, and that they cannot be born again, but rather be alive partially in all living things. He called this eternal part of humans karma. Karma is the sum of one’s good and bad deeds, as in the Jainist religion. Karma determines what a per son will come back as in the next life. The idea of karma was the most appealing to me, because it causes one to be cautious of their actions and instills the idea of â€Å"what comes around, goes around.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  From the beginning of human life, humans have been fighting with each other for what it was that they desired. Peace was destroyed because people were fighting for something they wanted, and most wars broke out because people were fighting for land, etc.

Why did the Tamburlaine plays have such extraordinary appeal for sixteenth-century audiences?

The Tamburlaine plays are two works written by Christopher Marlowe. In this essay I will discuss why the plays were so appealing to audiences in Marlowe's time and whether they are still as appealing to a modern audience and why. The character of Tamburlaine can be compared to some historical characters the most accurate being Timur the Lame, a historical ruler over most of central Asia. Richard Wilson compares him to Tsar Ivan IV, commonly known as Ivan the Terrible, the 16th Century Emperor of Russia, whose tyrannical rule, may well be replayed in Tamburlaine. (pp.51, R. Wilson, 1996.) The first of the two Tamburlaine plays was performed in 1587, following Marlowe's graduation from Cambridge. The second was most probably written and performed later following the success of Tamburlaine Part 1 in the theatres. Some critics however believe that the two plays were written and performed together; ‘in November 1587†¦Philip Gawdy describes how in a piece recently presented by the Lord Admirals Men an actor, called onto fire a gun at one of his fellows tied to a stake, missed his aim killing a pregnant woman, a child and maiming others. This has often been taken to refer to Tamburlaine's execution of the governor of Babylon in the final act of Part II, but the assumption cannot be verified.' (pp. 69, V. Thomas and W. Tydeman, 1994) Also ‘in 1588 Robert Greene†¦could allude to Marlowe ‘daring God out of heaven with the Atheist Tamburlan', a far less ambiguous reference to the scene in which Tamburlaine†¦orders the destruction of the Koran and defiantly daring Mahomet to come down and punish his impiety.' (pp. 69, V. Thomas and W. Tydeman, 1994) Conversely it may be possible that in the eyes of a 16th Century audience, Tamburlaine's actions would not be considered heretical because the Elizabethans knew Tamburlaine to be an infidel and would be not see the Qu'ran as a Holy book compared to their own Bible. Had he burned the Bible the case would have been very different. The issues of holy texts were hotly debated during this time as in each English church there had now been placed a new English language bible, which was in many parishes regarded as an alien book. The emphasis on holy text would have resonance for an Elizabethan audience having suffered over the last 40 years the changes between English and Latin Bibles and the Catholic and Protestant religion. Tamburlaine often refers to God as Jove, the Roman divine ruler, but only when he is expressly defying God. ‘Tamburlaine: The God of war resigns me to his room, Meaning to make me general of the world; Jove viewing me in arms looks pale and wan, Fearing my power should pull him from his throne.' (Act V, scene ii, line 388.) This quote shows Tamburlaine referring to God as Jove while believing he has the power to overthrow god, he says God fears him. This could show a certain awareness of the heretical nature of his deeds. He would rather refer to a God that he does not believe in than use the one he does. A part of him does fear God but Tamburlaine does not want to recognise it. To show fear is weakness. Weakness is not acceptable in a man in Tamburlaine's position of power and his self-importance. Tamburlaine although essentially Muslim, seems to be indecisive in his religious beliefs. In the first play he refers extensively to the way of Mohammed or Mahomet as he is called in the text, then nearing the end of the second play he denounces him as ‘not worthy of being worshipped' and burns the Qu'ran. This act which would cause uproar today especially to British Muslims, if not Muslims of all nationalities, would not have had the same effect on a sixteenth-century audience, in 1587 there were few i f any British Muslims, they were thought of and referred to as infidels, ungodly and wicked. A recent production of Tamburlaine at the Barbican in London in 2005, directed and adapted by David Farr, censored this part of the text in order to not incite religious reprisals, ‘key references' to Mohammed were also cut from the play especially from the book burning scene; ‘Simon Reade, artistic director of the Bristol Old Vic, said that if they had not altered the original it â€Å"would have unnecessarily raised the hackles of a significant proportion of one of the world's great religions†. The burning of the Koran was â€Å"smoothed over†, he said, so that it became just the destruction of â€Å"a load of books† relating to any culture or religion. That made it more powerful, they claimed.' (D. Alberge, 2005) In my opinion the final sentence of this quote is inappropriate because I feel that the burning of the Qu'ran is an incredibly important part of the play, without it being the Qu'ran it completely changes what the scene means and how controversial it would be to modern audience. The Qu'ran is a holy text, burning just ‘a load of books' renders the scene completely unnecessary and irrelevant to the play and takes Tamburlaine's death, completely out of context, if indeed his death is an act of God, for him burning the Qu'ran, as many interpretations claim. Terry Hands the director of Tamburlaine by the Royal Shakespeare Company in 1992 and Charles Nicholl, the author of The Reckoning: The Murder of Christopher Marlowe, opposed this censoring as did Inayat Bunglawala, the media secretary of the Muslim Council of Britain, who said ‘In the context of a fictional play, I don't think it will have offended many people.' Britain was a wholly and strongly Christian nation in 1587; no one would oppose the destruction of a book of another holy order, which they believed to be blasphemous. Violence and the disorder of war was part of contemporary Elizabethan England. Public execution and punishment in gruesome manners was a form of entertainment at the time of the Tamburlaine plays. As was making an example of those executed, as Tamburlaine's victims are hung on the city walls, many beheaded criminals had their head displayed on spikes to warn others. Many plays performed at this time used war or famous historic heroes of war as a basis for their storylines and often had what is to a modern eye grotesque and appalling episodes of violence. This is shown in Shakespeare's Titus Andronicus (1584), without doubt his most bloody play. ‘Marlowe achieved far greater fame and popularity than Shakespeare at the same point in their theatrical careers (both born 1564).' (pp.95, C. Breight, 1996) With the exception of Titus Andronicus Shakespeare did not really come into his own until the early 1590's and was not recognised as great playwright until his later life, whereas Marlowe was celebrated through his early life before he died at the age of 29. Marlowe was genius and his work was well known and widely performed by the time of his death. The language in much of Shakespearean text is very elaborate and although a sixteenth-century audience may have been able to understand it better than a modern audience, Marlowe's language is much more direct. This gives much more impact and ‘says what it means' leaving the dramatic potential for the delivery. ‘Tamburlaine: Your fearful minds are thick and misty then, For there sits Death, there sits imperious Death, Keeping his circuit buy the slicing edge. But I am glad you shall not see him there. He now is seated on my horsemen's spears, And on their points his fleshless body feeds, Techelles, straight go charge a few of them To charge these dames, and show my servant Death Sitting in scarlet on their armà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½d spears.' (Act V, scene ii, line 47) This quote shows how Marlowe uses a straightforward and more direct form of language than Shakespeare's and this is and was part of his appeal to contemporary and modern audiences. The aggressive and ego-centric speech is impossible to perform in a retiring and introverted manner and the stage presence of the actor is larger than life. In accordance with modern audiences, sixteenth-century audiences loved a character that they can hate, Tamburlaine can be compared to more modern comedic characters such as Flashheart in Blackadder and Jafar in Disney's Aladdin. These words and others in the play need to be performed to understand the full effect of what Tamburlaine is saying. He is teasing the virgins, he is making a joke out of the fact that they begged for mercy and he is still going to kill them. This ruthless and cruel nature is what makes Tamburlaine the man he is, it makes him such a loathsome character. Despite being a dislikeable character Tamburlaine is also a very passionate character, his determination and victory in all his conquests, his love for Zenocrate, his mercy shown in sparing her father after conquering Egypt almost make him a worthy role model for the 16th century man. ‘Audiences were not necessarily intended to understand Tamburlaine; such was his shock value and his capacity to break through the very fabric of society with his ceaseless conquests and unquenchable thirst for power. (novelguide.com, 2009)' This quote describes Tamburlaine as shocking character which he is; he is designed to shock and inspire an audience, his inspiration may not be as noticeable today in a less barbaric and more modern way of life, but to a 16th Century audience it would have been obvious, Tamburlaine's enthusiasm for war was what England at the time wanted from its people for the impending war with Spain. He is a ruthless, power hungry, slaughterer who does not give the audience a chance to see how he would cope with defeat. Defeat is not an option for Tamburlaine, just as defeat was not an option for Queen Elizabeth I when she launched the fire ships against the Spanish Armada just a year later in 1588. Tamburlaine shows determination but it also shows him going too far, he forgets that he's mortal and he is still down here on the ground. He is still subject to God, although he heretically believes himself to be more powerful. All Elizabethans knew that a strong sometimes even aggressive leader was essential for their safety in the 16th Century. Their experiences in the reigns of Edward VI and Mary Tudor both weaker monarchs in their capacities of leadership and war must have been unsettling and remembered by theatre goers. Strong dynamic leaders such as Henry VIII and the later Elizabeth I gave a sense of peace and safety to at least part of the nation although there were still dissidents. The appeal of Tamburlaine as play could be partly because people could discuss him and his activities without fear of being thought treasonable. His strength as leader would have been commendable. ‘A Prince ought to have no other aim or thought, nor select anything else for his study, than war and its rules and discipline; for this is the sole art that belongs to him who rules, and it is of such force that it not only upholds those who are born princes, but it often enables men to rise from a private station to that rank.' This quote from Machiavelli's The Prince was a European view on how a prince or other leader should be, it states how a person of a lower status can raise himself up from private to Prince as Tamburlaine has done from shepherd to King. It states that a prince's sole study should be the art of war in his role as protector. Tamburlaine is a strong leader, his subjects are safe from any surrounding forces as shown in the way that Tamburlaine has fought off two advances from Callapine, the son of Bajazeth the former Turkish ruler whom Tamburlaine tortured and humiliated. His knowledge and performance in war is unmatchable. In conclusion the Tamburlaine plays would have appealed to a 16th century audience for a number of reasons. Mainly for the various ways in which the character of Tamburlaine presents himself, as villain but also as an inspiration, as a man who has become drunk with power, but also a strong leader who knows what he is doing on the battlefield. Tamburlaine's self contradictions are endless. A 16th Century audience would have enjoyed the build up to ultimate power then the anti-climatic downfall of their ‘hero'!

Mediation Intake Form Essay - 1106 Words

Pre-Mediation Information Gathering and Client Intake Unit 3 Assignment: Pre-Mediation Information Gathering and Client Intake Latanisha Sawyer Kaplan University PA415: Family Law and Divorce Mediation Prof: Ally Howell 09/09/2012 Pre-mediation Questions: 1. What mutual concerns do David and Angela have? What are their individual concerns? A mutual concern of David and Angela is that they both have lost ambition and this in turn has placed a strain on their marriage. Angela feels as though David has become increasingly distant in their relationship and has accused David of committing adultery. David at the beginning of the relationship was outgoing, but that has since changed placing strain on the relationship. David†¦show more content†¦Angela and David both have children, so it is imperative that as a mediator I help the couple to establish a parenting plan. Prior to doing this I would assist both David and Angela narrow the issues and because divorce can hinder the ability of effective communication amongst the couple, I would reframe the communication between the two, so that the real issues are being addressed and the message will be better understood. 3. What problems currently impede a divorce settlement between David and Angela? A problem that impedes the divorce settlement between David and Angela is that Angela suspects David is having an affair. David and Angela both equally feel as though they have lost ambition within their present careers. Angela is unhappy with her career and would like to take another career path. It seems as though they have not discussed what has led them to not trying or having the ambition they once had before. Another issue is that David at the beginning of the relationship was very outgoing, but now has become distant and these are all issues that can be impeding to the divorce settlement if they are not discussed and communicated in a constructive manner. 4. What problems must be resolved in order to promote cooperative parenting for their children? In order to promote cooperative parenting the issues of divorce and family separation will need to be addressed. DavidShow MoreRelatedThe Role Of Adolescents With Domestic Violence1059 Words   |  5 Pages(Crawford and Newbur, 2013). It comes as no surprise that the majority of parents who find themselves the victim of child-parent violence wish to maintain a relationship with their child. To this end, Community elements designed the Parent and Youth Mediation Program. This program provides adolescents and their parents the educational resources necessary to develop healthy communication skills and reduce conflict within the family unit. Research supports the use of group work, as opposed to one-to-oneRead MoreThe Role Of Adolescents With Domestic Violence1065 Words   |  5 Pageschild-parent violence (Johnstone, 2005). It comes as no surprise that, most parents who find themselves the victim of child-parent violence wish to maintain a relationship with their child. Subsequently, Community elements designed the Parent and Youth Mediation Program. This program provides adolescents and their parents the educational resources necessary to develop healthy communication skills and reduce conflict within the family unit. Research supports the use of group work, as opposed to one-to-oneRead MoreEssay Interviews on the Art of Mediation1740 Words   |  7 Pages The art of mediation comes in different styles and form in today’s society. With all the styles and formats, the foundation on helping others try to solve their disputes still hold true. In the early years of mediation, many of today’s well known mediators used their backgrounds as a foundation for their mediations, today’s mediators use their specialty skills to conduct mediations in some of the same ways in the early years of mediation. According to Moore, mediation is an intervention in a conflictRead MoreCrack : American Pop Culture1036 Words   |  5 Pagesin 2007. What Is Crack? Crack is a cheaper, processed form of cocaine: It is not inhaled through the nostrils but smoked or injected. What is cocaine? Cocaine hydrochloride, or cocaine, is extracted from a tall bush-like plant named coca that grows in places like Argentina, Bolivia, Columbia and Ecuador. Suppliers make crack by mixing cocaine with water and ammonia, or with water and baking soda, and then boiling this mixture into a solid form, which is then dried and broken up into small pieces.Read MoreQuestions On Parenting Agreements After Separation996 Words   |  4 Pagesthem to move schools. 2. What kinds of communication dynamics were evident in the interview? Communication skills are critical to law students . In completing the intake form, my objective was to understand the client’s situation and why they were presenting at the legal service . Closed questions were used to complete the intake form and to assemble the facts . Prior to the lawyer completing the advice stage, I summarised the information I had received from the client to confirm its accuracy . Read MoreOccupational Therapy And Eating Disorder Recovery1438 Words   |  6 Pagesassessments. On my ride back from the interview I began to wonder if this was the wrong term to use. Miranda does do an intake that she has written herself. I believe an intake is a form of an assessment. The intake traditionally takes an hour. If the client is the child, the child does not need to be present for the intake. Then Phelps goes through information received from the intake to determine what may work best for the client. 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Negotiation is defined in Fells (2016, p. 3) as â€Å"a process by which two parties with differences that they need to resolve try to reach agreement through exploring options and exchanging offers - and an agreement. Wall, Stark Stander (2001) describe mediation as a process where two or more parties who mayRead MoreEpistemology Is The Study Of Knowledge, Or How We Know1781 Words   |  8 Pagesglance. Descartes claim that it is practical never to believe in the truth of what we perceive. He states, â€Å"But occasionally I have found that they have deceived me, and it is unwise to trust completely those who have deceived us even once.† (28, Mediation One) In life, we adjust for wrong insights by looking for correct perceptions. Descartes raised the issue of knowledge of truth and how we know something to be true in such a difficult way. To process what knowledge is, Descartes frames a questionRead MoreMy Philosophy Of Nursing Stems From Three Different Components : Personal Values, Beliefs, And Goals Essay1287 Words   |  6 Pagesand their actions. Striving to achieve the best plan of care and implementing one can overall provide proper quality care. Nursing an Art or Science? Nursing is both an art and science and requires both components in order to achieve the best form of care. The science of nursing is a â€Å"combination of performance, skills, knowledge and attitudes† (Palos). Throughout one’s entire nursing career, new academic skills and knowledge are required in order to be an effective nurse. The art aspect of

The Importance of External Auditor’s Independence Essay

The Importance of External Auditor’s Independence According to Gillespie, Lewis and Hamilton (2004:221) an audit is: â€Å"a scrutiny of the accounts by a qualified auditor who carries out checks on the figures so as to establish whether the accounts show a true and fair view of the results and the financial position of the entity.† According to Wikipedia (2011a), auditor independence refers to â€Å"an attitude of mind characterized by integrity and an objective approach to the audit process†. Independent auditing has been an important part of the corporate monitoring system since the mid-1930s, when it became a legislation requirement after the Great Depression. This was caused by reckless spending by corporations in the late 1920s (Kim,†¦show more content†¦The auditing firm then also became defunct after a jury ruled against them for obstructing justice; after they had shredded documents of their auditing of Enron (Thomas, 2002). This was evidence to the potential of failure in independence between the corporation and the auditor. Therefore the lack of auditor independence may impact adversely on an audit in many different ways. Other than the two examples previously mentioned above, there have been many other corporations that experienced adverse reactions due to bad accounting practices and the lack of auditor independence. The independence of external auditors had been brought into question because of the potential influence the corporations had on its auditors. It used to be the duty of the corporation’s CFO to employ an external auditor. Therefore if the auditor’s report was not particularly favourable for the CFO, the CFO could decide to fire them and choose an auditor who would be willing to express a much more favourable view of the financial accounting of the corporation. This then led to the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 which gave the responsibility of choosing an auditor to an audit committee rather than the CFO (Locatelli, 2002). However there are still many other corporations that hav e experienced problems as a result of the lack of auditorShow MoreRelatedIndependence of External Auditor1203 Words   |  5 PagesIndependence of external auditor By:- shubham kanchhal Auditor independence  refers to the independence  of the auditor  from parties that may have a financial interest in business being audited. Independence requires integrity  and an objective approach  for the audit process. This concept requires the auditor  to carry his work freely and in an objective manner. The purpose of an audit to enhance the credibilityRead MoreWhy Is It Important for External Auditors to Be Independent? Relate Your Answer to the Primary Role of External Auditors. Give Examples of Specific Ways the Lack of Auditor Independence May Impact Adversely on an Audit.1648 Words   |  7 Pagescard number: 33237972 Word count: 1304 words AcF 100 Introduction to Accounting and Finance Lent Term: Individual Coursework Essay Topic: Why is it important for external auditors to be independent? Relate your answer to the primary role of external auditors. Give examples of specific ways the lack of auditor independence may impact adversely on an audit. In 2001, there was an event that had shaken the whole business world. The crash of Enron in US, followed by worldwide collapseRead MoreWhy Is It Important for External Auditors to Be Independent? Relate Your Answer to the Primary Role of External Auditors. Give Examples of Specific Ways the Lack of Auditor Independence May Impact Adversely on an Audit.1638 Words   |  7 Pages33237972 Word count: 1304 words AcF 100 Introduction to Accounting and Finance Lent Term: Individual Coursework Essay Topic: Why is it important for external auditors to be independent? Relate your answer to the primary role of external auditors. Give examples of specific ways the lack of auditor independence may impact adversely on an audit. In 2001, there was an event that had shaken the whole business world. The crash of Enron in US, followedRead MoreThe importance1244 Words   |  5 PagesFall 2013 Section 04 September 17, 2013 – Case #1: The importance of being independent (by Deloitte) Discussion Questions One of the key roles of the external auditor is to protect the interest of the public. To achieve this, it is important for the public to trust and have confidence in the work of an auditor. 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Throughout the years, banks, shareholders, possible investors and creditors always relied on the financial statements produced by a company. Since the management of a company is producing these documents it has been assumed that the managers may act dishonestly so that their performance looks better. To monitor the company’s performance better the directors along with the shareholders employ external auditors to check all these financialRead MoreEssay about External Auditors Must be Independent1154 Words   |  5 Pageseven after a decade has passed. Following this scandal, other massive organizations like WorldCom (2002), AIG (2004), and Satyam Computer Services (2009) shared the same fate. Since then, there have been questions being asked on the issue of the independence of auditors being one of the major contributors to these accounting scandals. Firstly, it’ll be good to know the definition of auditing. Auditing is the process of evaluation and analysis of business records to determine the accuracy or safetyRead MoreWhy Is It Important for External Auditors to Be Independent? Essay1446 Words   |  6 Pagesfor external auditors to be independent? Relate your answer to the primary role of external auditors? By Zachariah Godfrey-Plews This essay has asked me to look at the importance of external auditors and why it is vital for them to remain independent. I will try and look at the many ways of the advantages of independent auditing from different perspectives for example the company itself, the general public and the state. I think it is important to first define what an audit and an external auditorRead MoreImportance of External Auditors1110 Words   |  5 PagesThe aim of this essay is to study the function of external auditors in order to analyze why it is important to be independent. 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Oedipus Victim of Fate or He Deserves What He Got Essay

Fate is the development of events beyond a persons control, regarded as determined by a supernatural power. It is a very common theme used in literature. We’ve seen examples from stories such as: Romeo and Juliet, Hamlet and Iliad. We’ve been reading Oedipus the King written by Sophocles. My main thesis that I would be talking about is if: Oedipus was actually a victim of fate, or did he deserve what he got. In my opinion, Oedipus does not deserve what he got and is a victim of fate. This is because all his actions were unintentional. However, some of his actions were ignorant. Right from the beginning we see how Oedipus was envisioned to kill his father and marry his mother, thus his feet being pinned together and him†¦show more content†¦After solving the Sphinx’s riddle, he becomes the king and marries Jocasta, his mother. Again, we note that his action was unintentional. This was one of the reasons he should not have deserved what he got. He had good intentions; he wanted to flee from Polybus and Merope thinking of them as his real parents. This showed us that he was scared of the oracle from being true thus fleeing in order to prevent the mishap. Even he realized that the Gods were controlling him: â€Å"My god, my god-what have you planned to do to me?† Ln813p294 Although, he was smart and a quick thinker, most of the times his temper proved fatal to him. This is the flaw in his fate. He might be smart, but did deserve to be banished for killing the king and for the welfare of the people of Thebes suffering from the plague. He did all his actions unintentionally; yet, it could’ve been prevented. The murder of his father could have been prevented, if he were to be careful and ignore the fact about who was to go first. He showed no respect for elders on spot. He could’ve avoided this by just letting the old man go first instead of quarrelling. Also in the story, we see that he treats blind prophet Tiresias very badly (â€Å"You, shameless†¦corruption of the land!† Ln397-401 Pg278, â€Å"O power†¦your scheming means† 433-459 Pg279) and blames Laius’ murder on Creon, Jocasta’s brother: â€Å"Creon’s to blame,Show MoreRelatedCurses in Oedipus the King and Shakuntala and the Ring of Recollection1308 Words   |  5 Pagessuch remarkable creations of ancient myth are none other than Oedipus the King and Shakuntala and the Ring of Recollection. Oedipus the King is a Greek tragic drama by Sophocles and Oedipus the King is known as the perfect hero of tragedy in the sense he has suffered a misfortune of which he has no control. The play demonstrated human suffering and their inability to change the fate. It revolves around the name, fame and fate of Oe dipus. Shakuntala and the Ring of Recollection, is a very well-knownRead More Comparison of Oedipus and Hamlet Essay1322 Words   |  6 PagesComparison of Oedipus and Hamlet Compare and contrast Oedipus and Hamlet. Is Oedipus more a man of action? Or is he more a man driven by whim and sudden, rash decisions? Which character is more selfless? Does Hamlet show any signs of selfish motives in his actions or inactions? Which protagonist seems more learned? wiser? more religious? more loving? more incestuous? Which seems to be a better murder investigator? Does Oedipus have any of Claudius motives when he kills the king, Laius? ThenRead MoreEssay on Oedipus, The Tragic Hero 1451 Words   |  6 Pagesfamily, Oedipus was one of the bearers of a disastrous generational curse. He had no idea what he was born into, or what he would become. Poor Oedipus was put into to the world to serve as an example from the gods. 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An Overview of The Sport Astroturf Free Essays

levels, athletes may no longer be seen as just people, but more as expensive liabilities. The health of these athletes become more and more important as it is not only their health which is on the line, but also millions of dollars. Injuries do occur in sports, especially contact sports, but astroturf increases these odds of injury. We will write a custom essay sample on An Overview of The Sport: Astroturf or any similar topic only for you Order Now It will be shown that astroturf causes increased wear on the body and an increased number of, as well as more severe injuries. Because of this, safer alternatives should be used in the stadiums. Astroturf is an unsafe surface to play on and should not be used by athletes. The wear on a players body after a game is incredible, so new innovations are always being created to lessen the impact of the sport on the athletes body; better shoes, more protective pads. These things allow the athlete to compete at the same level, but at the end of the game be in better condition to play in the next one. If this is the case, then owners of teams should consider getting rid of their artificial turf. Astroturf increases wear and tear on the body and causes more minor injuries than grass. This wearing down of the body would lead to quicker fatigue and decreased performance. Ever since astroturf was introduced, people have been complaining about its effects and these complaints are heard even louder in this era. â€Å"Athletes blame artificial turf for tendinitis, shin splints, and broken bones. † (Schrier,1987) Warren Sapp of the Tampa Bay Buccaneers is one of many football players who suffers from the effects of the astroturf. He says, It feels like you’ve been running on bricks for two miles, your knees are real sore and usually you come out with nine or 10 crapes and you don’t even know it until you get into the shower and it’s burning like hell. † (Wharton, 1999) Sapp’s pain comes from the fact that running on astroturf is only a little better than running on asphalt. Astroturf is made of nylon fibers which are five-eighths of an inch long stitched into a tightly woven mat. It is then laid over a five-eighths-inch-thick foam pad for cushioning and glued to an asphalt base. (Schrier,1987) So all that separates the athlete from asphalt is less than two inches of rubber. The other problem which Sapp mentions is â€Å"turf burn†. Since nylon resists tearing it also means that superficial wounds are more likely to occur. Though these wounds are not detrimental to the immediate health of the athlete they are painful and do affect the performance and possibly the longevity of the athlete’s career. Steve Young of the San Francisco 49er’s says, It’s not easy playing on your back patio. If you wonder what playing on artificial turf is like, go out there and fall down a couple of times. Then do what we do – run and scrape across. â€Å"(Unknown,1998) These ill feelings toward artificial turf are felt throughout the NFL. Another player described it as, â€Å"sandpaper laid over concrete. A poll done in 1994 revealed that ninety-six percent of more than nine-hundred players said artificial turf leaves them feeling sorer than after playing on grass. Ninety-four percent believe turf is more likely to contribute to an injury and half the players identified a previous injury they believed to be caused by astroturf. And many of these injuries are serious injuries; there have been many season ending and career ending injuries on turf. These more serious injuries though are the primary reason why artificial turf should not be used in stadiums. A Cornell University study showed that, †¦ foot and knee injuries occur on synthetic turf about 50 percent more than on grass. And when injuries do occur, they often are more serious and difficult to heal than those that occur on This was the case for three premier players in the NFL this season as Vinny Testaverde, Wayne Chrebet and Jamal Anderson were all severely injured because of Astroturf. The players were severely injured in a situation where there was no contact with other players. In Chrebet’s case two trainers said they had no doubt in their minds that he broke his foot because of the surface and nothing more. (Kirwan,1999) In the former two cases what occurred was â€Å"foot lock†. The friction between the shoe and the turf was too great and so as the players tried to cut their foot stayed, but the rest of the body kept moving. This would not have happened on grass Dr. Willibald Nagler of Cornell University explains, â€Å"When you play tennis on a soft court, you can slide into the stroke. That takes a lot of stress away from the ankle and knee. Grass allows you to slide too, a tiny bit, but it suffices, the same for football. † (Bernard,1996) So when making a cut, the foot will not give stay planted and the injury will not occur. Nagler goes on to say, Football on grass results in fewer ligamentous injuries, and those that do occur are not as severe, according to the published scientific articles. Furthermore, synthetic turf may exacerbate existing injuries, or make healing take longer. (Bernard,1996) These ligamentous injuries are usually the most severe injuries to occur because of the artificial turf. In an interview with Dr. Wayne Woodland, he explained that, â€Å"there is also an increased risk of concussions, and the turf causes many athletes to get turf toe. † Turf toe is a strain to the ligament in the big toe which is not only likely to reoccur, but it can also be a serious injury. Deion Sanders was lost for the end of last years season and was required to have surgery to fix the injury and the Atlanta Falcon’s Chuck Smith missed more than a month this season with the injury. Even more disturbing than the obvious increase in injuries is that there are at least three deaths and several more cases of paralysis which have been blamed on artificial turf. Players in the NFL are so livid about not wanting to play on artificial turf that in the past, the NFLPA have filed numerous lawsuits trying to get artificial turf labelled a â€Å"hazardous substance†. With the advancements of technology, astroturf needs to be replaced with something which is safer and less punishing for the players. In most cases this alternative is grass. Though, many stadiums will not switch to grass due to the economics of the situation. Grass is expensive to maintain and will limit the income of the stadium by limiting the erformances that can be put on there, such as concerts. Many people feel that the controlled environment is needed to allow for a better game. Players are looking for the safety of grass combined with a controlled environment and low cost. There are now many products on the market which claim to meet these standards. A new company called Fieldturf, in alliance with Nike, has released a product which more closely resembles the texture and response of grass. It is made of synthetic blades and is held up byan artificial dirt composed of silica and ubber that can be made of recycled running shoes. John Ingram, the Nebraska Cornhuskers’ director of athletic facilities says that, â€Å"It is the closest thing to natural grass I’ve seen,† (Barnes,1999) The Cornhuskers’ played their entire season on the field and did not have any injuries this year. This coupled with the controllable environment made the players and management happy with the field. This new field may be the wave of the future as not only is it cheaper than grass and astroturf, but it is durable and safe. In a study done by Dr. Bill Barnhill, he found that Fieldturf had less than fifty percent fewer injuries than grass and seventy-five percent fewer than astroturf. Of these injuries, ninety-three percent were minor injuries resulting in fewer than seven days lost. Though some naturalists may not like the idea, the Fieldturf system and other systems soon like it may begin to make grass and even astroturf obsolete saving people money and players from injury. Injuries to players such as Vinny Testaverde and Jamal Anderson should not occur. Artificial turfs are dangerous and should not be used in any situation. The studies of injuries in professional athletes on grass compared to turf clearly demonstrate the risk that athletes are at when playing on these surfaces. Whether they are small or large, many of them should not happen and would not happen if the surface would have been on grass or the newer, more innovative surfaces. Management should recognize that they are paying their athletes millions of dollars and should be put in a situation where they will perform and continue to perform to their expectations for many years. How to cite An Overview of The Sport: Astroturf, Essay examples

Environmental Economics and Securing Policy

Question: Discuss about the Environmental Economics and Securing Policy. Answer: Introduction: Environmental economics and policies regarding sustainable development have become a major issue in the world today. All the nations are now concerned about sustainability. Like rest of the world, Australia also has designed environmental protection legislations. One of the major issues in Australias environment is the damaging of the Great Barrier Reef. This is one of the most attractive natural wonders and the largest coral reef of the world. It is listed on the World Heritage List since 1981. It is not only admired for its beauty, but it presents a major biological diversity also. However, with time the reef is getting decayed and to protect the reef the Australian government formulated Reef 2050 long term Sustainability Plan by involving the science, society and government (Environment.gov.au. 2017). The reef 2050 plan is a supporting plan to the original Act of 1975, the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Act 1975. The main objective of that plan was to provide long term conservation and protection of the environment and its biodiversity and heritage value of the Great Barrier Reef (Dss.gov.au. 2017). The other objectives were to spread the awareness of the region among the people by opening a park, where people could come and enjoy, as well as learn more about the national heritage. In March 2015, the Australian government announced the Reef 2050 plan. This aims to increase the sustainable activities revolving around the reef to give more protection to save the natures wonders for future generation. Hence, the Australian government developed this environmental legislation, which is set for the next 35 years (Environment.gov.au. 2016). The most significant threat to Great Barrier Reef is the climate change. According to the governmental organization, Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority (GBRMPA), the other major threats to the reef are poor water quality coming from land, effects of coastal development projects, increase in fishing activities, ocean acidification, oil in the water, storms, and coral bleaching. However, the reef scientists say that the damage is due to the cumulative effect of many such reasons. The increase in the number of visitors to the park and increasing pollution are also responsible for the damage of the reef (Gbrmpa.gov.au. 2017). The reef 2050 plan is developed primarily to combat the challenges of the survival of the reef. It is important to reduce the pollutant activities and other negative externalities to conserve this national heritage and for doing so, formulation of legislation is the best way to stop the damaging activities as well as increasing the awareness (Business.gov.au. 2017). In Reef 2050 plan, the government plans to spend more than AUD 2 billion in the next decade. This plan brings together the government, industrialists, scientists, researchers, commercial and residential owners, and the society. The major actions of this plan comprise of management of the reef, which includes (Authority, G.B.R.M.P. 2015); reducing industrial wastes and pumping the wastages into the ocean, banning of disposals in the park region, prohibition of any further development or expansion of new ports in the nearby region, improvement in the plans for shipping and fishing in the reef region, providing extra protection to the turtles and dugongs, reducing the pesticides load, sediment load, nitrogen load in the agricultural sector to reduce the water pollution, appointing a Minister from Queensland for the supervision of the Great Barrier Reef. The government has planned for more than AUD 2 billion for the above mentioned plan. Along with that, it has created a trust fund of AUD 40 million for research and management of improving water quality and reducing pollution (Legislation.gov.au. 2017). Success of the policy so far: There has been significant progress towards betterment of the condition of the reef after the implementation of the Reef 2050 plan. This policy targets integration of different levels of supervision of the environmental factors to improve the condition of the reef. This is a policy for sustainable development. Hence, the government has put substantial amount of investment in various segments of this policy. So far, the researchers found that the quality of the water entering the reef has improved significantly due to better land management. Five big industrial ports had proposed 18 months ago, to dispose of capital scoured constituents in the marine park. The government has brought it down to zero through regulations. They also put permanent ban on disposal of capital dredged materials in the reef region and put restrictions on the expansions of the ports (Dale et al. 2016). The first major attempt of the plan was to improve the water quality entering the reef from the land. Since 2003, there has been implementation of Reef Water Quality Protection Plan, which helps in reducing water pollution. 35 major river basins drain the 424,000 sq km of the coastal regions of Queensland and this huge amount of run-off goes in to the reef. The land based run-offs include industrial and residential wastages. The developmental plan helped to reduce the water pollution significantly. The pesticide load is reduced by 28%, sediment load by 11%, nitrogen load by 10% (Hughes, Day and Brodie 2015) To reduce the effects of climate control, the government has taken the effort of reducing carbon-di-oxide emission. If it is kept at or below 380 parts per million, then the corals would be moderately vulnerable and they would dominate the reef. Other measures include (Wallace et al. 2015): controls on coastal developmental projects, reducing ocean acidification, controlling the population of coral eating Crown of Thorns starfish with the help of organic nitrogen injections, managing shipping movements by reducing number of ships per day and focusing on the new technologies for ship tracking and giving alerts for ship breakdown, reducing fishing activities and encouraging ecologically sustainable practices of fishing, providing net-free zones for fishing, and application of knowledge, science and technology (Brodie and Waterhouse 2016). Recommendation: The Great Barrier Reef is a natural wonder, and not a museum piece, which stays in a constant state. Hence, the preservation and conservation of the reef requires effort of a different level. Although the Australian government has invested a huge money and effort for the reduction of further damage to the Great Barrier Reef, and the plans are yielding good results, still there is scope for improvement (Woodford 2014). Empowering the GBRMPA: the power of GBRMPA should be increased for the best interest of the park. It does not have much authority required for dealing with government or industry for various issues. The authoritys culture should be rebooted with more power to take steps for the betterment of the reef. Disallowing the controversial issues in the marine ecosystem: there are many controversial issues such as dredging and waste mismanagement from the industries, which affect the reef. Such issues should be handled on a priority basis. Dumping of waste near the reef is more controversial than development of protection zones, hence, that should be addressed first. Pushing the country to develop renewable source of energy and reduce the usage of coal: coal extraction must be reduced to save the reef. Renewable source of energy is now more preferred than coal. Coal is not only used domestically, but is exported also. The dependency on coal should be reduced by using renewable source of energy (Grech, Pressey and Day 2015). Tighter control on agriculture: the beef cattle grazing industry and sugarcane production use many pesticides, which needs to be controlled. Pushing the establishment of the management plans for Coral Sea Marine Reserve: this is the worlds largest single gazetted marine park. The Coral Sea Marine Reserve and Great Barrier Reef Marine Park are two neighboring parks and the marine species and ecosystems are dependent on each other. Hence, the management should be efficient to protect these ecosystems from commercial fishing (Pandolfi 2016). Making fishing control more strict to maintain the ecosystem of the reef: this is a critical aspect for both commercial and non-commercial fishers. The actions taken by the commercial and recreational fishers to remove predatory fishes have helped in the maintenance of the ecosystem of the reef. Such actions should be taken more frequently. The standard of ships passing through needs to be improved: the GBRMPA states that the shipping traffic consists of around 2000 ships making approximately 7000 voyages. With the increase in the mining activities in Queensland, this traffic is expected to rise. Hence, the standard of the ships passing through the reef region must be of improved quality so that wreckage, breakdowns, oil spills can be reduced. A huge oil spill can wreck havoc on the reef. Restore and enhance the budget for marine science research with high priority: many reef specialists and scientists are not employed in the research projects for the reef. To utilize the full potential of the researchers and have latest scientific techniques to save the reef, more budget should be allocated and more projects should be launched for extensive research on the reef. Boosting the research for measures of climate control: more research works should be undertaken to boost the measures of climate control. It is important to ensure the survival of the corals and scientists are interrogating the methods if the heat resistant corals can be translocated from much warmer waters to regions that are more southern. This might increase the chance for their survival (Pandolfi 2016). Conclusion: The Great Barrier Reef is a national identity of Australia. It is the worlds largest system of coral reef. It is situated on the east coast of Queensland, Australia, in the Coral Sea. Two great constant changes of the reef are destruction and regeneration. It is never same all the time. Hence, preserving this natural wonder is extremely important for a sustainable future. The Australian government has implemented many policies over the years to protect and conserve this structure. Along with the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Act of 1975, it has introduced Reef 2050 Long Term Sustainability Plan for more and better protection of the reef. It has put more efforts in the research and science to invent and improve ways for handling climate change, water quality, fishing activities, shipping traffic, ocean acidification, and coral bleaching in and around the reef region. There has been much progress so far, however, there are still ways that can be practiced and implemented to save the c oral reef. References: Authority, G.B.R.M.P., 2015. Great barrier reef outlook report 2015. Brodie, J. and Waterhouse, J., 2016. Great Barrier Reef (Australia): A Multi-ecosystem Wetland with a Multiple Use Management Regime. Business.gov.au., 2017. Environmental legislation. [online] Available at: https://www.business.gov.au/info/run/environmental-management/environmental-legislation [Accessed 26 Apr. 2017]. Dale, A.P., Vella, K., Pressey, R.L., Brodie, J., Gooch, M., Potts, R. and Eberhard, R., 2016. Risk analysis of the governance system affecting outcomes in the Great Barrier Reef.Journal of Environmental Management,183, pp.712-721. Dss.gov.au., 2017. Environmental Policy. [online] Available at: https://www.dss.gov.au/about-the-department/policies-legislation/departments-corporate-policies/environmental-policy [Accessed 26 Apr. 2017]. Environment.gov.au., 2016. Highlights of the Reef 2050 Long-Term Sustainability Plan. [online] Available at: https://www.environment.gov.au/marine/gbr/publications/highlights-long-term-sustainability-plan [Accessed 26 Apr. 2017]. Environment.gov.au., 2017. The Great Barrier Reef. [online] Available at: https://www.environment.gov.au/marine/gbr [Accessed 26 Apr. 2017]. Gbrmpa.gov.au., 2017. Legislation, regulations and policies - GBRMPA. [online] Available at: https://www.gbrmpa.gov.au/about-us/legislation-regulations-and-policies#leg_spec_gbrmp [Accessed 26 Apr. 2017]. Grech, A., Pressey, R.L. and Day, J.C., 2015. Coal, Cumulative Impacts, and the Great Barrier Reef.Conservation Letters. Hughes, T.P., Day, J.C. and Brodie, J., 2015. Securing the future of the Great Barrier Reef.Nature Climate Change,5(6), pp.508-511. Legislation.gov.au., 2017. Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Act 1975. [online] Available at: https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2016C00551 [Accessed 26 Apr. 2017]. Pandolfi, J., 2016. Five things we can do right now to save the Great Barrier Reef. The Guardian. [online] Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/commentisfree/2016/jun/13/five-things-we-can-do-right-now-to-save-the-great-barrier-reef [Accessed 26 Apr. 2017]. Wallace, R., Huggins, R., Smith, R.A., Turner, R.D.R., Garzon-Garcia, A. and Warne, M.S.J., 2015. Total suspended solids, nutrient and pesticide loads (20122013) for rivers that discharge to the Great Barrier ReefGreat Barrier Reef Catchment Loads Monitoring Program 20122013. Department of Science.Information Technology and Innovation. Brisbane, p.3. Woodford, J., 2014. 10 steps to save the Great Barrier Reef. The Guardian. [online] Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/oct/28/10-steps-to-save-the-great-barrier-reef [Accessed 26 Apr. 2017].