Television and Media Essay - Children and TV Violence :: Media Argumentative Persuasive Argument

Youngsters and Television Violence   â â â â â â The offspring of America invest their energy in a wide range of exercises. One of the most tedious exercises is viewing television.â Television assumes an enormous job in the social and enthusiastic advancement of youngsters today. One great quality that TV has is that it passes on data and happenings around the globe that they may not in any case think about, however a few individuals have been addressing whether TV accomplishes more damage than good.â Many have been breaking down what influence brutality in grown-up appears just as youngsters' shows may have on kids.   â â â â â â Most guardians permit their kids to observe supposed child's shows without contemplating what may be contained inside them.â what number occasions has a specific tracker been seen chasing a certain wascally wabbit?â Most individuals would state by what method can an animation about a man chasing influence a child?â at the outset it may appear that it has no impact, in any case, looking nearer, it is anything but difficult to see that Bugs Rabbit has numerous human characteristics. Two of these qualities are communicating in English and strolling upright.â Something else that adds to this is in some cases youngsters can't make the qualification among dream and reality.â Quickly an animation about a man chasing a hare can transform into an account of murder.â â â Another animation character that may hurt youngsters is Yosimite Sam.â When he loses control, he starts to discharge his pair of firearms into the air and at other characters.â This could make youngsters act viciously to mollify their anger.â This incorporates hitting and tossing things.â This is an extraordinary perspective on the circumstance, yet who is to state that at any rate some portion of it isn't correct?   â â â â â â Children see brutality regularly in their kid's shows, however shouldn't something be said about shows that they watch in which individuals star.â These shows will more than likely reason more savagery than kid's shows would.â While watching a show, for example, Strong Morphin Power Rangers a kid sees very nearly 30 minutes of relentless fighting.â The show likewise has a dream story that interests to children.â After watching the show, a youngster may become exhausted in light of the fact that the truth of the network show is more interesting.â The kid at that point mirrors what was seen on television.â This is where the real savagery may begin.â Adult shows and motion pictures that are seen by kids could have far more terrible impacts than youngsters' shows.â In one archived case, a Californian kid that was seven years of age viewed a film one night.â In the film, a man put glass into soup that a partner of his was to eat.

Marketing and Product Life Cycle Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Advertising and Product Life Cycle - Essay Example What's more, these will likewise help the organization in advising clients on the use regarding the new item. During the starting, in-store advancements will likewise be utilized so as to permit the clients to encounter and be instructed of Key Ring. Questions will be engaged and complimentary gifts will likewise be given to members. During the development stage, it is normal that the item will as of now be well known in the market however contenders are attempting to make up for lost time by making their own crusades. Procter and Gamble will counter this by giving higher limits to the organization's items. Packaging and in-store advancements will in any case be used. Taking note of the solid brand value of Procter and Gamble, it is normal that purchasers will at present incline toward its items and will look for additional approaches to get limits. Deals is required to tighten during development when request gradually balances out. Procter and Gamble can invigorate the utilization of Key Ring by including its new product offerings in the markdown coupons. Since the organization is especially forceful in presenting new item variations, it is particularly fitting to tempt clients in purchasing these items by permitting them to buy at a rebate.

Research Eschatology and its Relation to the Humankind Life - 1375 Words

Research Eschatology and its Relation to the Humankind Life: God's Future for the World (Essay Sample) Content: Eschatology and its relation to the humankind lifeNameInstitutionGod's Future for the WorldEschatology in Theology focuses on the final events of the human race, in other words, the eventual destiny of humanity (Tertullian, 2007).Believers view it as the end of times of the world where the living and the dead will be resurrected to be re-united with the Maker.In todays world, most of the mankind lack any idea of Gods plans for todays church, and His eternity plans. People have shallow knowledge about God's plan as it is seldom to find most churchgoers studying Bible. Indeed, the creator has a master plan in revealing his prime purpose to the human race. The majority of the pew believes in going to heaven while it is biblical that the kingdom will descend to the world where He shall reign forever after the Rapture (Revelation 11:15).The Christian hope is in resurrection not in dying and going to heavenAccording to Christianity faith, whenever a Christian die their spir it returns to God (Eccles. 12:7) and the body goes into dust. The soul lies in silence waiting for final judgement.The Bible talks of the final verdict of sin where those who disregarded Gods command and lived on earthly things will not see the heaven. Tertullian 2007, Christians presume that the Gods judgement will be a prelude to heaven and each is supposed to account for their lives in services to Christ. The believers who will survive Gods refining fire believe they will wear gold, silver and precious stones in their lives but for the unbelievers, they are doomed to the lake of fire.The relationship between Christ return and glorification and how it can provide hope to the churchIn Pauls letter to the Philippians, Christians are assured of the transformation of their lowly body to conform to the glorious body of Lord (Philippians 3:17-21).Their enemies are destined to complete destruction. After the rapture and judgement, they will be no atonement for their sins and the saviour will subj...

should the drinking age be lowered to 18 - 948 Words

In 2009, about 10.4 million young people between ages 12 and 20 drank more than â€Å"just a few sips† of alcohol (Underage). The drinking age should be lowered to age 18 because teens are considered adults at this age, less people in jail for hosting underage drinking, and teens can be taught responsible drinking. Although there is a negative side to lowering the drinking age because it can cause more motor-vehicle accidents, greater chance for alcohol problems, and the health risk it can cause. There is also warning signs to look for in a teen that is drinking underage the age of 21. Teens that are 18 are looked as adults –Teens at the age of 18 are â€Å"adults† they can vote, go get married, serve for the country, go to jury duties, and move†¦show more content†¦(Regional) Teens can be taught responsible drinking, by the Law coming up with permits and issuing them to teens till there about 21 to help them teach to be more responsible with drinking. Teens would be able to use these permits, in supervised areas, such as sport games, restaurants or bars, or even in their own home with their parents supervising them. They can take and complete alcohol related courses and have no alcohol related charges on their record before they are issued this permit that is like a drivers learning permit. (Ogilvie) Teens that do the underage drinking can have many health problems. Health problems that can be caused by underage drinking is Death, serious injuries, impaired judgment, increased risk for physical and sexual assault, brain development problems. All of these health problems are serious, and they aren’t thought about by teens before they have a drink. (Underage) Impaired judgments can be considered irresponsible drinking. Significant increase were als o found for other variables: â€Å"cutting class after drinking† jumped from 9% to almost 12%; â€Å"missing class because of hangover† went from 26% to 28%; â€Å"getting lower grades because of drinking† rose from 5% to 7% and â€Å"been in a fight after drinking† increased from 12% to 17%; these are examples of irresponsible behavior. (Dr. Ruth) There are a few warning signs that someone who is around teens a lot, or is a parent can look for ifShow MoreRelatedShould the Legal Drinking Age Be Lowered to 18?590 Words   |  2 PagesUnderage Drinking Age Position Paper Drinking is a serious problem in America. The current legal age is 21. But some people seem to disagree. Should the legal drinking age be lowered to 18? It’s a question that has been thrown around for years. I believe that the legal drinking age should stay at 21. There are so many more benefits and responsibilities you have at age 21. You don’t fully mature until you’re at least 20 years old. The amount of underage drinking fatalities that happen every yearRead MoreShould the Drinking Age Be Lowered to 18? Essay1236 Words   |  5 Pagesargument amongst Americans is determining that the current legal drinking age which is 21 should be lowered to eighteen or not. Researching the following propaganda made me understand the dangers to the youth and people in America if the drinking age were to lower. Therefore i will argue with whoever disagrees with me that the drinking age should be lowered. Id like to explain six reasons to why the drinking age should not be lowered beginning with the strongest reasons. First reason being is thatRead MoreEssay about Why the Drinking Age Should Be Lowered to 18872 Words   |  4 PagesLowering the drinking age to 18 would make a lot of sense in the world. Lowering the drinking age to 18 would make more sense. It would be better for the teens that drink on college campus. The drinking age should be lowered to 18 because you can vote at eighteen, buy tobacco, it’ll reduce the thrill of breaking the law, evidence supports that early introduction of drinking is the safest way to reduce juvenile alcohol abuse, and college people that are not 21 drink also. If teenagers that are nowRead MoreLowering Legal Drinking Age Essay1417 Words   |  6 PagesLowering the Drinking Age Half the United States population starts drinking at the age of 14.When you are 18 you have privileges like joining the army. (Mitch Adams Lowering the drinking age page 1) You can go to war and die for your country but you still can not enjoy an ice cold beer. (Mitch Adams Lowering the drinking age page 1) How is being 21 different from being 18? How does three more years of not drinking make you mature enough to drink? The longer you drink the more you start toRead MoreControversial Analysis: Drinking Age1278 Words   |  6 PagesCarolina Quiroga April 02, 2012 Leslie Jones English 102 The Drinking Age and Young Adults. Because underage drinking is a major problem for young adults, the drinking age has become a very controversial issue. In the 1990s, the drinking age was 18, but it was changed to 21 in 1984. The Federal Government informed states to choose between raising the drinking age to 21 or foregoing highway funding. This decision obviously affected 18 to 20 year olds who could no longer buy alcoholic beverages.Read MoreLegalizing the Drinking Age to 181624 Words   |  7 PagesLegalizing the Drinking Age to 18 When people turn to the age of eighteen, they are finally considered an adult. They can join the army, have the right to vote, buy cigarettes or tobacco products, get a tattoo and even die for our country, but they aren’t allowed to buy alcohol? A person can be responsible enough to live on his or her own, make money, pay bills, and yet they are not old enough to purchase or consume any type of alcohol. Underage drinking has been a major controversial issue forRead MoreWhy Lowering The Drinking Age Is A Good Idea?. Lowering1627 Words   |  7 Pagesthe Drinking Age is a Good Idea? Lowering the drinking age to 18 in the United States has been a source of controversy in recent years. It has been a controversial topic because many people disagree, while many agree with the topic. For example, the people who disagree and are against lowering the drinking age to 18 believe we should not lower the drinking age because 18 year old individuals are not responsible enough to drink alcohol. While, the people who agree we should lower the drinking ageRead MoreLowering The Minimum Drinking Age1380 Words   |  6 Pagesperson reaches the age of 18, they are allowed to tattoo their bodies, smoke tobacco, gamble and even enlist if they wanted to! As an adult, they want to be treated as one but how can they feel like an adult if hanging around with their friends and drinking beer while watching TV is illegal? Of course, that does not stop them, though. The United States is one of the few countries in which still have such a high minimum drinking age. Although most people thi nk young adults (18-year olds) are irresponsibleRead MoreShould The Drinking Age Be Lowered?995 Words   |  4 Pages Should the legal drinking age be lowered to age 18? Recently people have been debating whether If the drinking age should be lowered to 18. Some people think 18 is a better age but others think it’s outrageous to lower the drinking age to 18. After much reading and observing, I myself think the drinking age should be kept at 21 years old,because young adults who drink while they re underage make poor decisions and majority of the young adults are in college lacking in classes. The legal drinkingRead MoreDrinking Age Drinking847 Words   |  4 Pagesthe drinking age should be lowered to eighteen like most of the world or if it should stay at twenty-one. Underage drinking has been a major questionable issue for years, yet why is it not under control? Teenagers are continuing to buy alcohol with fake identification cards, getting into bars and drinking illegally. As a recent teen, I have proof that these things are going on not only in college but in high school as well. There are a lot of factors that come together to why the drinking age should

Moon Landing Exploratory Essay - 1029 Words

Moon Landing 1969 â€Å"Ignition sequence starts, three, two, one, all engine running, zero, lift off.† On July 16th 9:32 a.m., Apollo 11 was successfully launched as millions watched. Indeed, the lunar mission of the Apollo 11 was a new break through in the field of space exploration. Soon after, however, many controversies were raised on the authenticity of this event. Many critics of the lunar landing believe that this event was a hoax perpetuated to deceive the society. The debate, whether the moon landing of 1969 was a hoax or a true event, continues today. The space race, during the Cold War, all started with the launch of the first artificial satellite, Sputnik 1. Although this shiny piece of metal ball sent meaningless â€Å"beep-beep†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"Even if scientists wanted to make something like a Moon rock by, say, bombarding an Earth rock with high energy atomic nuclei, they couldn t† (Phillips). In addition, Phillip C. Plait agrees with Tony Phillips and comes to the same conclusions. For example he states there are no stars in the picture because, â€Å"The stars are too faint to be seen in the images† (Plait 159). However, unlike Tony Phillips, Plait explains the scientific reasons in depth. He claims astronauts have survived the incredibly high temperature of the Moon due to simple date counting. He explains, â€Å"Moon spins on its axis once every 27 days †¦ [which] means †¦ two weeks of sunlight and two weeks of darkness†¦ the surface doesn’t heat up the inst ant the sunlight touches it†¦It takes days for the lunar surface to get to its high temperature†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Plait 166). The author of the paper believes the moon landing of 1969 really happened. The main reasons coming to this conclusion is that the lies could not be told by such huge amount of people and the theories can be all explained and understood with a little studying on physics and astronomy. If this were a hoax, more than a handful of people would have spoken up the secret. The author of this paper also believes that the photos and the films from NASA are real evidences, but have been misinterpreted due to the lack of knowledge on astronomy and physics. This topic still remains to be debated over because the moon landing wasShow MoreRelated65 Successful Harvard Business School Application Essays 2nd Edition 147256 Words   |  190 PagesGRIFFIN NEW YORK 65 SUCCESSFUL HARVARD BUSINESS SCHOOL APPLICATION ESSAYS, SECOND EDITION. Copyright  © 2009 byThe Harbus News Corporation. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. For-information, address St. Martins Press, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010. www.stmartins.com Library of Congress Cataloging...in..Publication Data 65 successful Harvard Business -School application essays : with analysis by the staff of The Harbus, the Harvard Business School newspaperRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pages 10. Ethical Dilemma 123 EXPERIENTIAL EXERCISE Who Can Catch a Liar? holds an L slip needs to come up with a false statement. Try not to make the statement so outrageous that no one would believe it (for example, â€Å"I have flown to the moon†). 3. The organizer will have each member make his or her statement. Group members should then examine the person making the statement closely to try to determine whether he or she is telling the truth or lying. Once each person has made his or herRead MoreProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 PagesThe Importance of Project Management Project Management Today—An Integrative Approach Summary Text Overview 2 All of mankind’s greatest accomplishments—from building the great pyramids to discovering a cure for polio to putting a man on the moon—began as a project. This is a good time to be reading a book about project management. Business leaders and experts have proclaimed that project management is a strategic imperative. Project management provides people with a powerful set of tools

The Great Gatsby Depicts a Society Essay Sample free essay sample

†The Great Gatsby depicts a society which exists in a province of confusion and moral pandemonium. ’ Discuss. The Great Gatsby is a fresh written by F. Scott Fitzgerald set during the 1920s about a adult male named Jay Gatsby through Nick Carraway’s eyes. and is considered one of the great pieces of American literature of all-time. The Great Gatsby shows a society that is in an immoral and deranged province. Jay Gatsby himself shows the corrupt American society and life style. Affairs and rip offing expose the unethical facets of the community. Materialism and the desire for ownerships cause people to dispose themselves of values. The inaccuracy of the American Dream leaves the society confused and complicated. In deeper analysis of the novel. Gatsby is non all that ‘great’ and in some ways is typical of the society of the clip. He has one end in life: to rewrite the yesteryear and acquire Daisy back. We will write a custom essay sample on The Great Gatsby Depicts a Society Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page the adult female of his dreams. But in order to make this. he relies on deriving stuff wealth through illegal and unethical agencies. Gatsby admits to Nick that he is. â€Å"†¦in the drug shop concern. † in secret intending that he is a moonshiner. an belowground marketer and distributor of illegal intoxicant. He receives uninterrupted calls from his associates in Chicago and Philadelphia. hot spots of intoxicant production. The society Gatsby wants to be a portion of is based on money and power. non faith and love. Although Gatsby may claim all his actions are in order to make out and catch his true love. he becomes accustomed to his munificent life style and category in society that he sees nil incorrect with his activities. Gatsby portions a seedy relationship with Meyer Wolfsheim. a gambler and allegedly a adult male who fixed the 1919 World Series. who together. â€Å"†¦bought up a batch of side-street drug shops here in Chicago and sold grain intoxicant over the counter. † fly-by-night concerns that seem to pervert Gatsby. Gatsby becomes near to Daisy. a adult female who is already in a matrimony. Adultery is a common happening in this civilisation. There are legion sums of illustrations. including Gatsby and Daisy. Tom and Myrtle. Mrs. Claud Roosevelt and ‘Owl Eyes’ and Hubert Auerbach and Mr. Chrystie’s married woman. The fact that both the adult male and adult female in the cheating relationship do non see what is right and besides their other spouse gives an image of what the society was like during the ‘Roaring Twenties’ . careless and loony. Tom shows his defeat after he learns of Daisy’s love for Gatsby. stating. â€Å"I suppose the latest thing is to sit back and allow Mr. Nobody from Nowhere do love to your married woman. Well. if that’s the thought you can number me out. † He is seeking to claim what is morally right and support the holiness of matrimony. while at the same clip is in a relationship with another adult female. Tom’s kept woman. Myrtle Wilson. married woman of George Wilson. is like one of his prized ownerships. and. â€Å"he turned up in popular eating houses with her and. go forthing her at a tabular array. sauntered about. chew the fating with whomever he knew. † Despite her non being his existent married woman. he still did non mind exhibiting her around and demoing her off in peculiar countries. Many of the fornicators were besides rather affluent and prided themselves on their properties. Materialism was a desire that many had in the society shown in The Great Gatsby. This was majorly due to a deficiency of morality. a sense of right and incorrect and so mercenary points and wealth become people’s chief focal point and aspirations. Money is lavishly spent on apparels. autos and other assets. which is rather uneconomical and those who might necessitate it are non considered. Daisy is a adult female who left her love because he was hapless and has married a rich adult male whom it seems she does non genuinely love. Her sense of philistinism comes hand-in-hand with her careless life style. as she. â€Å"†¦smashed up things and animals and so retreated back into [ her ] money or [ her ] vast sloppiness. † Gatsby’s parties are a aggregation of epicurean points and activities along with vulgar and hideous behavior of people. Almost all of the attenders at the parties do non cognize the host personally. and so are simply at that place to take portio n in the abundant celebrations and take advantage of Gatsby’s properties. These participants of Gatsby’s parties. â€Å"†¦conducted themselves harmonizing to the regulations of behavior associated with amusement Parkss. † withstanding moral rules and codifications of action and instead are focused on indulging themselves in the jubilations. Some people used philistinism as a manner of deriving their alleged American Dream. The American Dream is a false myth that disrupts the society. The American Dream is a national ethos of the United States that says there are chances for success and prosperity for everyone. and through difficult work you can go wealthier and more successful. or whatever you want to be. regardless of race. individuality. gender and societal statues. Achieving the American Dream and your end in life is genuinely dependent on societal category and wealth. and limits a individual to what they can really accomplish. George Wilson struggles to do a life despite his difficult work and his good actions. as he believes. â€Å"God knows what you’ve been making. everything you’ve been doing†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and so displays correct moralss. Gatsby turned to illicit activities in order to do his luck to seek and acquire his ain American Dream. Tom was born into his money through his household ( old money ) and ensures that really few new ‘members’ are allowed in this sol e ‘club’ . The fabricated American Dream represents a society that is unequal and dysfunctional. Jay Gatsby. criminal conversation. philistinism and the American Dream all portray how The Great Gatsby depicts a society in a state of affairs of obfuscation and ethical lawlessness. The inability of most of the characters in the novel to gain their comparatively immoral behavior makes Fitzgerald’s narrative all the more tragic of a potentially great state in the throes of acute moral decay.

The Question of African Agency in Colonial courts and Social Conflict

This study of African agency in colonial courts and subsequent social conflicts in Africa applied law to establish and maintain its rule. Looking critically at these aspects, I intend to approach Law as a coercive force that assisted colonial state power to help in securing order, enhancing capitalist development, and restructuring of social relations. [1]Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on The Question of African Agency in Colonial courts and Social Conflict specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Significantly, I examine how colonialists enforced new sets of rules and regulations to enable a general process of societal and cultural change. This process was a mission of civilization of colonialism. I critically look at how the mission was legitimized by importing Western set of laws that replaced traditional customs and rules. While historians were almost certain that Western laws were assumed to be more civilized, m ajority of colonial societies are still dealing with the effects this process and the legacy of this legal pluralism[2]. In Africa, colonialists enforced dual legal system in which colonialist law was superimposed in existing legal system. However, both sets of law depended on colonial state legal system. The establishment and maintenance of the legal system was a central feature European colonialist for many years. Majority of colonial societies are still dealing with the effects this process and the legacy of this legal pluralism. [3] In this context, I argue that it is important for the reader to understand that law was necessary for establishment of colonial order as it was the central mechanism of defining relationships between state and society. I guess colonial states were able to set boundaries of behaviour and control spectrum of private transactions through both criminal and civil law regulations. [4] More importantly, although the law was vital in the colonizing process, there existed some conflict concerning the ways in which this process actually affected those colonized. The law application of the law in strict sense perpetuated colonial interests and limited demands placed on the colonized land and labour[5].Advertising Looking for term paper on african american? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More I try to explain how the law was applied by both the colonized and the colonizer to resolve important disputes concerning authority and legitimacy. [6]/sup In addition, I maintain that the entrenched state system of governance include established laws and institutions adopted in African colonies. Historians explore modes of control that recognize customary rules as well as state laws imported from colonizer states. I argue that it is important for historical scholars to understand that customary law referred to the law of colonized people as accepted by colonial administrations. Customary law was es tablished by colonial administrations to guide disputes concerning non Europeans only. Many historians have justified the need by colonial administrations to have customary law as a method of providing autonomy and self governance to people they thought were not ready to appreciate the benefits of civilization. In addition, I argue that customary law enabled colonial powers to use limited human and financial resources to effectively control its conquered territories. Furthermore, I intend to reveal the purpose customary laws were codified by colonial administrations into fixed, formal and written rules enforced by colonial courts. [7] Colonial Courts and Social Conflicts The study of â€Å"Girl Cases: marriage and colonists in Gusiiland, Kenya, 1890-1970† requires people to understand the question of African Agency in colonial courts and the resultant social conflicts. While examining this context, I aim to trace the changes and explain; the intersections of the colonial tren ds in social and legal thinking, colonial administrative policies in Kisii, colonial political economy, and the ideals and actions of individual Gusii people that shaped this history. This study analyzes the importance of African courts, that is, â€Å"the cornerstone to indirect rule by colonies†[8]. Despite the importance of these African courts, little work has been encouraged by historians. Following widely publications in the 1950s and 1960s on African courts, historical appreciation of African law emerged in the 1980s. I argue that colonial administrators sought customary law of each tribe they wished to govern; I feel that indirect rule performed better if officials could implement legitimate laws accepted by those ruled.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on The Question of African Agency in Colonial courts and Social Conflict specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Whereas most African societies had not adopted an alterable, uncomplicated set of laws, colonial officials were not deterred. The study relies heavily on both civil and criminal records from the council of elders that served Gusiiland. The council of elders adjudicated many cases every year. Shadle examined court cases relating to marriage disputes in Gusii, Kenya. The scholar was more concerned with criminal cases of adultery, elopement (runaway Women), indecent assault and abduction. I use the court records to effectively apply to uncover the question of African agency in colonial courts and resultant social conflicts[9]. Eloping (Run Away) Women and African Societies Since historians indicate years of interwar as problematic for African women the earliest period of colonization, African women found colonial masters sympathetic to their suffering[10]. I deduce that this scenario changed in the early 1920s and 1930s. History indicates that colonialists had discovered women in rural areas as important for agricultural pr oduction. Prior to this period, women were important for social and physiological reproduction of men for wage labour. I conclude that they were confined to their rural farms to serve colonial interests as well as rural patriarchs[11]. From the study, I also reveal that; rural patriarchs at that time sought avenues to maintain authority over their women (wives and daughters). For these colonialists to use customary law (indirect rule) to maintain social stability and keep colonial rule, they required African rulers’ (senior men) to operate. They discovered the importance of cooperating with African elders in maintaining social order. African elders similarly asked for state help to control their womenfolk. Historians allude that colonial administrations strengthened these laws and monitored women movements with the sole aim of establishing authority and loyalty of African elders. Historians argue that African courts were established by colonial states to solve intra-African c onflicts. African courts adopted customary laws which were interpreted by senior elders as court officials in ways interestingly beneficial to themselves. I agree that these courts applied their authority to regulate the actions of women and youthful men. [12]Advertising Looking for term paper on african american? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This historiography tries to prove that the subordinated under colonialism contested efforts that empowered their superiors. As we examine the studies of peasants, slaves and workers during colonialism in Africa, we realise the majority contested exploitation by either Europeans of fellow Africans. As scholars project, every power nexus expects the subordinated to contest the relations that empower their superiors. Elaborate studies of peasants, slaves and workers proved that Africans resisted their exploitation, whether by Europeans or other Africans. [13] Abductions In this book, I wish to examine the effects of colonialism and how it was felt in Gusiiland, Kenya. I believe, colonialists thought there rule functioned only with the support of â€Å"tribal† leaders[14]. The necessity of such thinking will become apparent when we consider; â€Å"temperament of colonial administrators, their social and educational backgrounds, made them to appreciate strong patriarchal authori ty.† [15] Men in Gusiiland resorted to abduction to acquire wives in the later 1800s. [16] I argue that this evoked pitched conflicts between clans in Gusiiland. An abductor capable to hold his catch long enough so his gambles pay off. Historians allude that accumulating bride-wealth in the 1890s was virtually difficult as disease destroyed large herds; as a result this led to escalation on the number of abductions in Gusiiland. [17] After 1900, the number of cattle rose and marriage became affordable. Consequently, the number of abductions decreased remarkably. Ultimately, abductors and men taking in runaway women had the intension of marriage. Abductors employed the mode of violence and rape against their subjects. Shadle avers that they threatened and used physical assault to break the woman’s spirit. Popular brutal means they used included punches, knives, clubs, and others on women. [18] Besides brutality, abductors raped their victims as well. They sought to impre gnate their victims as soon as possible. Although premarital pregnancy did not ruin a girl’s chance of marriage, it was impaired. The affected women were intimidated through unjust branding. Abductees who became pregnant through this brutality so few options. Majority resigned to the forced unions. As court records reveal admission of one woman, after having been abducted for three months, â€Å"now I am pregnant and I don’t know what to do.† [19] Still in a desperate position, she later admitted agreeing to marry the abductor even though he had no cattle to settle the marriage. In essence, I deduce that maintenance of encouraged patriarch authority created marital conflicts in Gusiiland. Colonial State Representatives and marriage Disputes This study of â€Å"colonial state representatives and marriage disputes in Gusiiland† requires readers to examine the powers granted to chiefs, headsmen and other indirect rulers that made it possible for men looking for their abducted women easy. I approach the study by explaining that there was no overreaching authority in Gusii highlands during pre-colonial period; and this made it difficult for tracking down women who had run away to any clans. The power conferred to colonial state representatives enabled men to move with relative safety between clans when tracking down the runaway women. Litigants were encouraged by administrators to meet the council of elders (etureti) before going to court (ritongo)[20]. The status of the council of elders was contradictory. The colonial administration viewed the council of elders as a resuscitation of indigenous authorities; Gusii people on the other hand, regarded the council of elders as an invention of the colonial era. The book notes that they continued to seek guidance of their home elders (abanyamaiga). This elders pre-dated colonial rule and included all the elders from the lineage. In contrast, the council of elders were few, elected and appointe d as headsmen. They also had a jurisdiction of a large geographical area rather than lineages.[21] The study of â€Å"Slavery and the Birth of an African City† reiterates that colonial administrations established law to enable them engage with Africans who resisted access to resources, labour, and colonial power and authority[22]. I believe Africans contested European morality and culture. In the process of this interaction, Africans experienced the realities of colonialism. In away, both Africans and Europeans shaped the law and institutions during colonial period. Historians allude that Africans used law as a resource of resistance against colonialism. By looking at this study, readers should discover that they used legal rules and procedures as weapons of African resistance.[23]/sup Buoyed with African resistance to direct intervention and in the interest of checking the costs of administration, indirect rule by colonialists retreated from aggressive legal and governmental reform. [24] Colonial masters still endeavoured to civilize African institutions gently and through remote control. They did not wish to rush the process to avoid the risk of losing the stability of native society. The native society had political and social organization that was well ordered. In this system, all members had definite series of responsibilities to one another. Thus, the British administrator was then tasked with responsibility of reforming indigenous administration from within indigenous institutions. [25] Indirect rule was appropriate to the British to provide a solution to the challenge of administering the vast African empire. A wave of administrative reforms encouraged the spread of native administration across the British Empire. The historical account of this reforms incorporated indigenous systems of law and government, and this helped identify these indigenous systems and governing through local authorities. [26 This also required colonial administrator to i dentify pliable candidates. Roberts and Mann historical account found the British social anthropologists ready to tackle challenges. They found Africans to be best suited to serve the British, due rewards that accompanied the office. I discovered that native administration was easy to implement where stable states existed. However, the system created difficulties in areas as well. Indirect rule in practice encouraged instability. Mann and Roberts note that, although colonial administrators failed to notice it, colonialists imposed themselves on societies engrossed in tussles over leadership and power and the terms under which they were executed. The British built their colonial rule on conflict and change through traditional systems of authority as central to their strategies. [27] Some of the kind of authorities the British sought did not exist in some places. Where local rulers could not be found by administrators, they established them, for instance; the Igbo of Nigeria. In Igbo land, the British established native administration around Macdonald and Moor’s warrant chiefs. They reaffirmed there executive authority as well as judicial authority. Combining these responsibilities and resting them in single individuals went contrary to Igbo pre-colonial political systems[28]. As a result, authorities in Igbo-land lacked legitimacy of their counterparts in Northern Nigeria. The British social anthropologist sent to unmask the source of Aba women’s war, blamed in part the enforcement of indirect rule. [29] According to the anthropologist, native authorities were seen to be more powerful than pre-colonial village councils. In addition, these authorities used their judicial and executive powers to serve their personal interests. This generated widespread hostility. Women in Igbo-land protested when chiefs were empowered to collect taxes. [30] History provides that British were not the only ones who incorporated Africans into colonial law and governmen t. The Portuguese, French and Belgians as well incorporated Africans into their colonial law and government. The French West African government faced a similar conflict faced by the British administration when its indirect rule model resulted to Aba women’s conflict in South-eastern Nigeria. [31] The French also faced conflicts over authority and customs as it codified native jurisdictions and procedures in the French West African government. The period that followed immediately colonial conquests witnessed sizeable migration, urbanization and social change. I am confident that this resulted in rapid growth in urban centres and reorganization in rural societies of different ethnic groups. These groups engaged in domestic relationships, and took their grievances to native courts. The government introduced laws specifying customs prevailed in different circumstances in response to growing number of civil conflicts over marriage, divorce, inheritance and succession fronted by li tigants practicing different customs. Nevertheless, it was not easy to find qualified assessors to help both Africans and Europeans who presided over the tribunals[32]. In sum, we must know that the British and the French adopted the policy of governing their colonies through local systems of law. This became an ideological template to the British and French for the transformation of African societies that conformed to their model of colonial rule. I discovered that the executive and judicial authority was linked by this template. The competence of native authorities depended in the concept of indirect rule. Yet, customary law was established out of collaboration of Africans who sought to establish new forms of access to resources and labour. In addition, Europeans were looking for local authorities to occupy positions generated by their concepts of African societies. [33] Accordingly, the study portrays colonial beliefs as not standing alone. They faced African representatives and their own administrators at every point. The need of colonial administrators to rule their subjects through native legal and political systems produced opportunities for indigenous people through custom representation. Colonial administrators strived to civilize African institutions through indirect rule. [34] The study of â€Å"Litigants and Household African Disputes in French Soudan† on the other hand, takes a historical look at the relationship between the formations of a new system of native courts in the French Soudan in 1905. It also examines how women responded to this new system of native courts. Further, it enlightens readers to understand how the French colonial government charged with responsibility of managing the operations of these courts was mesmerized with the vast numbers of women requiring divorce. Two interpretations are provided as to why African women through these new courts sought divorce during the early colonial period. As a result, this influenced c ourt practices and drove native policy. The first interpretation explains many cases of women seeking divorce due to wretched circumstances in marriage; and second interpretation provided divorce as undermining the authority of the household head and family stability.[35] Women Initial Reactions to the New Courts The French administrators were caught off guard by the vast numbers of women requiring divorces when new courts were implemented in 1905. [36] The court records available indicate frequent incidences of divorce cases sought by women before the provincial tribunal. Women in the French Soudan realized initially that the new courts addressed their grievances. The new courts acted favorably to them as they were able to accept their requests to end marriages they did not prefer. Plaintiffs needing divorce in the French Soudan were required to articulate their reasons for needing to dissolve their marriages. [37] Reasons such as abandonment, mistreatment, non-payment of bride wea lth, spouse illnesses, incompatibility and others were cited as the main trigger for divorce[38]. The examination of the history of custom and Islamic law in the native courts of the French Soudan looks at customary and Islamic family law in native courts in relation to establishment of new courts in 1905. [39] By this I was able to trace emergence of these conflicts to the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century. We also discover that reforms in French colonial policies and subsequent revolutionary reforms occurred in France at that period. The study examines extensively the conflicts as a result of French colonial policy, and looks at how African litigants applied new courts to confound expectations of their colonial master. [40] This study requires readers to comprehend the colonial legal system as established in 1903 and implemented in 1905. The legal system had procedural problems affecting legal policy and cultural issues in the West African colonial establishment[41]. I argue that the established legal system presented thoughts harbored by the French administrators in relation to Islamic law and also African culture. Sharia law aspects in this law enabled custom and Muslim family law to function together and also guided on how non-Muslims solved their disputes. [42] It also provides procedure for African judges in making judgments. They did not put into consideration the extent of African customs variability. Furthermore, we discover that they did not anticipate litigants to new courts would cause the need for cultural strategies. Historically, colonial legal system was established to enforce uniformity and regularity in administration of justice in the French Soudan. I believe the system mandated establishment of courts and provide regular forms of reporting. While Richard Roberts suggested â€Å"codification of customs to allow use of customs to solve problems†, this was not fully realized[43] . Ii is necessary to understand that the new c ourts could not complete improvisation. More importantly, I argue, the colonial administration while establishing the new legal system did not project the enormity of social changes. The system was established on social changes that were profound. It politicized the courts by establishing new opportunities for litigants to apply native courts to solve disputes in new ways. [44] Bibliography Mann, Kristin. 2007. Slavery and the Birth of an African City, Lagos, 1760-1900. Indiana: Indiana UP, 2007. Roberts, Mann K. 1991. Introduction: Law in Colonial Africa. London: Heinemann. Robert, Richard. 2005. Litigants and Household African Disputes and Colonial Courts in the French Soudan. London: Heinemann. Shadle, Brett. Girl Cases: Marriage and Colonialism in Gusiiland. London: Heinemann Footnotes Roberts Richards and Mann Kristin. Law in Colonial Africa. (Ndiana: Indiana UP,1991), 5. Roberts Richards and Mann Kristin. Law in Colonial Africa. (Ndiana: Indiana UP,1991), 6. Roberts Richards and Mann Kristin. Law in Colonial Africa. (Ndiana: Indiana UP,1991), 8. Roberts Richards and Mann Kristin. Law in Colonial Africa. (Ndiana: Indiana UP,1991), 4. Roberts Richards and Mann Kristin. Law in Colonial Africa. (Ndiana: Indiana UP,1991), 6. Roberts Richards and Mann Kristin. Law in Colonial Africa. (Ndiana: Indiana UP,1991), 5. Roberts Richards and Mann Kristin. Law in Colonial Africa. (Ndiana: Indiana UP,1991), 8. Shadle Brett. Girl Cases: marriage and Colonialist in Gusiiland, Kenya (London: Heinemann, 2006), xxi. Shadle Brett. Girl Cases: marriage and Colonialist in Gusiiland, Kenya (London: Heinemann,2006), xxvi. Shadle Brett. Girl Cases: marriage and Colonialist in Gusiiland, Kenya (London: Heinemann,2006), xxvi. Shadle Brett. Girl Cases: marriage and Colonialist in Gusiiland, Kenya (London: Heinemann,2006), xxvi. Shadle Brett. Girl Cases: marriage and Colonialist in Gusiiland, Kenya (London: Heinemann,2006), xxvii.. Shadle Brett. Girl Cases: marriage and Colonialist in Gusiiland, Kenya (London: Heinemann,2006), xxvi. Shadle Brett. Girl Cases: marriage and Colonialist in Gusiiland, Kenya (London: Heinemann,2006), xxvi. Shadle Brett. Girl Cases: marriage and Colonialist in Gusiiland, Kenya (London: Heinemann,2006), xxv. Shadle Brett. Girl Cases: marriage and Colonialist in Gusiiland, Kenya (London: Heinemann,2006), xxvi. Shadle Brett. Girl Cases: marriage and Colonialist in Gusiiland, Kenya (London: Heinemann,2006), xxvi. Shadle Brett. Girl Cases: marriage and Colonialist in Gusiiland, Kenya (London: Heinemann,2006), xxvii. Shadle Brett. Girl Cases: marriage and Colonialist in Gusiiland, Kenya (London: Heinemann,2006), xxvi. Shadle Brett. Girl Cases: marriage and Colonialist in Gusiiland, Kenya (London: Heinemann,2006), xxiii. Shadle Brett. Girl Cases: marriage and Colonialist in Gusiiland, Kenya (London: Heinemann,2006), xxiv. Mann Kristin. 2007. Slavery and the birth of an African City (Indiana: Indianapolis UP, 2007), 4. Roberts Richards and M ann Kristin. Law in Colonial Africa. (Ndiana: Indiana UP,1991), 3. Roberts Richards and Mann Kristin. Law in Colonial Africa. (Ndiana: Indiana UP,1991), 5. Roberts Richards and Mann Kristin. Law in Colonial Africa. (Ndiana: Indiana UP,1991), 5. Roberts Richards and Mann Kristin. Law in Colonial Africa. (Ndiana: Indiana UP,1991), 7. Roberts Richards and Mann Kristin. Law in Colonial Africa. (Ndiana: Indiana UP,1991), 9. Roberts Richards and Mann Kristin. Law in Colonial Africa. (Ndiana: Indiana UP,1991), 5. Roberts Richards and Mann Kristin. Law in Colonial Africa. (Ndiana: Indiana UP,1991), 37. Roberts Richards and Mann Kristin. Law in Colonial Africa. (Ndiana: Indiana UP,1991), 11. Roberts Richards and Mann Kristin. Law in Colonial Africa. (Ndiana: Indiana UP,1991), 6. Roberts Richards and Mann Kristin. Law in Colonial Africa. (Ndiana: Indiana UP,1991), 6. Roberts Richards and Mann Kristin. Law in Colonial Africa. (Ndiana: Indiana UP,1991), 5. Roberts Richards and Mann Kristin. Law in Colonial Africa. (Ndiana: Indiana UP,1991), 2. Roberts Richards. Itigants and Household African Disputes and Colonial Courts (London:Heinemann, 2005), 84. Roberts Richards. Itigants and Household African Disputes and Colonial Courts (London:Heinemann, 2005), 85. Roberts Richards. Itigants and Household African Disputes and Colonial Courts (London:Heinemann, 2005), 86. Roberts Richards. Itigants and Household African Disputes and Colonial Courts (London:Heinemann, 2005), 85. Roberts Richards. Itigants and Household African Disputes and Colonial Courts (London:Heinemann, 2005), 86. Roberts Richards. Itigants and Household African Disputes and Colonial Courts (London:Heinemann, 2005), 87. Roberts Richards. Itigants and Household African Disputes and Colonial Courts (London:Heinemann, 2005), 90. Roberts Richards. Itigants and Household African Disputes and Colonial Courts (London:Heinemann, 2005), 85. Roberts Richards. Itigants and Household African Disputes and Colonial Cou rts (London:Heinemann, 2005), 91. Roberts Richards. Itigants and Household African Disputes and Colonial Courts (London:Heinemann, 2005), 92. This term paper on The Question of African Agency in Colonial courts and Social Conflict was written and submitted by user Braeden Booker to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.